Menstrual irregularities.

Premature menopause, also known as premature ovarian failure (POF), is an underdiagnosed reproductive health issue affecting women under the age of 40. Unlike natural menopause, which usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 years, premature menopause leads to an early loss or dysfunction of ovarian activity. Recent surveys in India have indicated an increasing prevalence of early menopause among younger women, highlighting the growing concern regarding women’s health and hormonal imbalance. Premature ovarian failure occurs when the ovaries stop functioning properly, resulting in irregular ovulation and hormonal disturbances. Although women with POF may still have some ovarian follicles, these follicles either fail to mature or function effectively. Several factors such as genetic conditions, autoimmune disorders, cancer treatments, thyroid dysfunction, viral infections, and lifestyle related stress may contribute to the condition, although in many cases the exact cause remains unknown. Common symptoms include irregular menstrual cycles, hot flashes, night sweats, decreased sexual drive, vaginal dryness, mood changes, and weight fluctuations. Diagnosis is primarily based on hormonal evaluation, particularly elevated levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) measured through blood tests. Although premature menopause cannot be reversed, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is commonly used to manage symptoms and reduce long term health risks such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate medical management are essential to improve the quality of life and overall health outcomes of affected women.