Constitution

Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disorder and a major cause of disability among elderly individuals. It is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, narrowing of joint space, formation of osteophytes, and sclerosis of the subchondral bone. Clinically, osteoarthritis presents with symptoms such as joint pain, stiffness, crepitus, and reduced mobility, commonly affecting joints of the knees, hips, hands, and spine. Various precipitating and maintaining factors contribute to the development and progression of the disease, including age, obesity, mechanical stress, joint injury, and genetic predisposition. Increased body mass index (BMI) is strongly associated with osteoarthritis of the knee and hand due to prolonged joint loading, highlighting the importance of weight management as part of non-pharmacological treatment. From the homoeopathic perspective, disease susceptibility is closely related to constitution, diathesis, and miasmatic background of the individual. Constitution represents the psychological, functional, and structural organization of the individual, determining the response to environmental factors. Diathesis indicates an inherited or acquired predisposition that increases susceptibility to disease. According to homoeopathic philosophy, miasmatic influences and constitutional weaknesses play a vital role in the development and persistence of chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis. Understanding these precipitating and maintaining factors from a homoeopathic viewpoint helps in individualizing treatment and addressing the underlying susceptibility of the patient rather than merely managing symptoms.